There's nothing quite so tragic as those tragedies that seem both unnecessary and avoidable. It's perhaps this more than anything which makes Tolstoy's rendition of Anna Karenina's ruin a horror transfixing.
And what is the tragedy? It is her inability to feel loved in spite of being loved. It is the waking nightmare of a mind unable to live in a shared reality. If only Vronsky actually did not love her. But he does. If only her jealousy and vexation did not make quite so much sense. But they do. If only Vronsky and Anna could understand each other and merge their worldviews into one. But they remain segregated into parallel worlds, each telling a different story from the same set of "facts" in their relationship.
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It has been almost a year since Anna, having survived childbirth, left Karenin for Vronsky. After an Italian honeymoon and some months spent at Vronsky's countryside estate, the couple is now in Moscow awaiting in vain for Karenin to grant her a divorce. Meanwhile, under the strain of Anna's jealousy, the relationship is perishing.
Her apprehension is mostly unfounded: Vronsky loves Anna, all in all. Vronsky is, arguments with Anna aside, more or less happy. His title, wealth and gender have allowed him to retain a position in society and while he has foregone a hitherto coveted military career, sufficient opportunities remain for him in politics and the management of his own estate.
Anna, on the other hand, is an outcast and a dependent. Prejudice has stripped her of social identity - as wife, mother, friend and fashionable lady - and she is denied or fails to acquire a new sense of purpose. Whether by lack of education or, as the moral of the novel would like to have it, spirituality, neither philanthropy nor motherhood manage to provide for her sufficient sense of self worth. Hence Vronsky's love becomes Anna's only source of validation. Soon,
She was jealous not of any particular woman but of the decrease of his love. Not having got an object for her jealousy, she was on the lookout for it.Resentment and suspicion follow swiftly and we see her failing to fight them off, trapped in a mary-go-round of tenderness and exasperation.
For everything that was difficult in her position she blamed him (...) in his tenderness now she saw a shade of complacency, of self-confidence
What does he know of love for children, of my love for Seryozha, whom I’ve sacrificed for him?
“I am myself to blame. I’m irritable, I’m insanely jealous. I will make it up with him, and we’ll go away to the country; there I shall be more at peace.”“Unnatural!” She suddenly recalled [the word of a previous quarrel which she interprets as insult to her nursing of their child] And perceiving that, while trying to regain her peace of mind, she had gone round the same circle that she had been round so often before, and had come back to her former state of exasperation, (...) “Can it be impossible? Can it be beyond me to control myself?”Henceforth we see all the hallmarks of a looming disaster - the constant brooding, the obsessive reminiscing, her manner of arguing "partly repeating phrases she had prepared beforehand", the fixation on details (“From whom is the telegram? she asked, not hearing him"), the negative bias. What annoys her most, fundamentally, is Vronsky's own happiness and peace of mind. When he greets her cheerfully one evening upon returning home, she notes
There was something mortifying in the way he had said “Come, that’s good,” as one says to a child when it leaves off being naughty, and still more mortifying was the contrast between her penitent and his self-confident tone; and for one instant she felt the lust of strife rising up in her again,When Vronsky rearranges his errands so they might leave on the day demanded by Anna ("I shall go no later. Monday or never!" she had said) her first thought is: "so then it was possible to arrange to do as I wished". When Vronsky tries to spare her the pain of news from Karenin, she suspects the telegram is from another woman and to her mind "his embarrassment confirmed her suspicion". She interprets his desire to have children as proof that he no longer cares for her beauty. Soon her suspicions descends into outright paranoia.
"He hates me, that's clear", she thought, and in silence, without looking round, she walked with faltering steps out of the room. "He loves another woman, that's even clearer"
She lifted her cup, with her little finger held apart, and put it to her lips. After drinking a few sips she glanced at him, and by his expression, she saw clearly that he was repelled by her hand, and her gesture, and the sound made by her lips.
Anna supplied, too, the words that he had unmistakably wished to say and could have said to her, and she grew more and more exasperated. All the most cruel words that a brutal man could say, he said to her in her imagination, and she could not forgive him for them, as though he had actually said them.Their arguments are never resolved because the presumption of guilt is not falsifiable. Every new incident renews the old, down to Anna's arguing "recalling the words of a still earlier quarrel". As the crisis intensifies she loses the ability to empathise and to think in any categories other than her own ("Respect [what Vronsky values] was invented to cover the empty place where love [what Anna values] should be"). This escalated lack of empathy together with her paranoia collude to make Anna herself design situations which can only end badly, such as when the maid is instructed to tell Vronsky that Anna has a headache:
"If he comes in spite of what the maid says, it means that he loves me still. If not, it means that all is over, and then I will decide what I'm to do"She dramatises and strips interpretation of nuance. It's all or nothing.
"I want love, and there is none. So then all is over.”
"Where love ends, hate begins"Finally, the paroxysm of pain and suffering leads her to crave revenge.
And death rose clearly and vividly before her mind as the sole means of bringing back love for her in his heart, of punishing him and of gaining the victory in that strife which the evil spirit in possession of her heart was waging with him. (...) she began musing with enjoyment on how he would suffer, and repent and love her memory when it would be too late.In her final, semi-delirious journey from the house to Dolly's, to the train station, to her death, Anna's perception of the world grows steadily darker: the passers-by are loathsome, the train seats "dirty", the conductor "impudent", even children appear "hideous and affected". The world is universally abhorrent and pointless.
"Why these churches and this singing and this humbug? Simply to conceal that we all hate each other."Finally, the delusion engulfs her: that Vronsky hates her, that she hates him, that she is an outcast, that her friends despise and hate her and would rejoice over her misery -these are now no longer "mere supposition". Rather, she "sees" it all "distinctly in the piercing light, which revealed to her now the meaning of life and human relations".
And all the while Vronsky loves her, Dolly loves her, her children love her.
***
This just goes to show that when we say we want love what we really mean is that we want to feel loved. And that, it appears, has more to do with our own sense of self-worth than with any other people.
